# Calculate tree similarity with ‘TreeDist’

#### Martin R. Smith

This document should contain all you need to get started measuring tree distances with ‘TreeDist’. If you get stuck, please let me know so I can improve this documentation.

## Loading trees

Instructions for loading phylogenetic trees into R can be found in a separate vignette. For these examples, we’ll enter two simple trees by hand:

    tree1 <- ape::read.tree(text = '(A, ((B, (C, (D, E))), ((F, G), (H, I))));')
    tree2 <- ape::read.tree(text = '(A, ((B, (C, (D, (H, I)))), ((F, G), E)));')

## Calculating distances

We can calculate distances between pairs of trees using the ‘TreeDist’ package.

First we’ll install the package. We can either install the stable version from the CRAN repository:

    install.packages('TreeDist')

or the development version, from GitHub – which will contain the latest features but may not be as extensively tested:

    devtools::install_github('ms609/TreeDist')

Then we’ll load the package in to R’s working environment:

    library('TreeDist')

Now the package’s functions are available within R. Let’s proceed to calculate some tree distances.

### Pairs of trees

Calculating the distance between two trees is as simple as:

    distance <- TreeDistance(tree1, tree2)

The convenience function `TreeDistance()` returns the variation of clustering information between two trees, normalized against the total information content of all splits.

### Multiple comparisons

If you have more than two trees to compare, you can send a list of trees (class: `list` or `multiPhylo`) to the distance comparison function. The function will then calculate the distance between each tree in the first list and each tree in the second.

    oneTree <- ape::rtree(11)
    twoTrees <- structure(list(one = ape::rtree(11), two = ape::rtree(11)),
                          class = 'multiPhylo')
    threeTrees <- list(a = ape::rtree(11), b = ape::rtree(11), c = ape::rtree(11))

    TreeDistance(oneTree, twoTrees)

    ##       one       two
    ## 0.7245753 0.7155610

    TreeDistance(twoTrees, threeTrees)

    ##             a         b         c
    ## one 0.8150206 0.7442481 0.7212990
    ## two 0.7822583 0.8712541 0.8603781

## Visualizing a matching

Generalized Robinson–Foulds metrics, such as the variation of clustering information, rely on matching each split within a tree with another split in the other tree.
We can view an optimal matching:

    VisualizeMatching(ClusteringInfoDistance, tree1, tree2)

This shows the six splits in tree 1, and the paired splits in tree two.
Each split is labelled with a measure of its similarity, which is its contribution to the total tree similarity score.

We can view this information in a format accessible for further examination in R with:

    ClusteringInfoDistance(tree1, tree2, reportMatching = TRUE)

    ## [1] 6.960578
    ## attr(,"matching")
    ## [1] 1 2 3 5 6 4
    ## attr(,"matchedSplits")
    ## [1] "B C D E | A F G H I => B C D H I | A E F G"
    ## [2] "C D E | A B F G H I => C D H I | A B E F G"
    ## [3] "D E | A B C F G H I => D H I | A B C E F G"
    ## [4] "F G H I | A B C D E => E F G | A B C D H I"
    ## [5] "F G | A B C D E H I => F G | A B C D E H I"
    ## [6] "H I | A B C D E F G => H I | A B C D E F G"
    ## attr(,"matchedScores")
    ## [1] 0.09109101 0.07278023 0.02475761 0.07278023 0.76420451 0.76420451
    ## attr(,"pairScores")
    ##             [,1]        [,2]       [,3]       [,4]       [,5]       [,6]
    ## [1,] 0.091091008 0.007214618 0.01831078 0.22478751 0.01831078 0.22478751
    ## [2,] 0.018310782 0.072780226 0.00000000 0.15200728 0.00000000 0.15200728
    ## [3,] 0.002565287 0.002565287 0.02475761 0.09288851 0.02475761 0.09288851
    ## [4,] 0.007214618 0.007214618 0.07278023 0.31976006 0.07278023 0.31976006
    ## [5,] 0.319760062 0.224787510 0.15200728 0.09288851 0.45810590 0.76420451
    ## [6,] 0.224787510 0.319760062 0.45810590 0.76420451 0.15200728 0.09288851

Here, the `pairScores` attribute lists the score of each possible matching of splits.

We can identify the splits with:

    splits <- as.character(TreeTools::as.Splits(tree2))
    splits

    ##                    12                    13                    14
    ## "B C D H I | A F G E" "C D H I | A B F G E" "D H I | A B C F G E"
    ##                    15                    16                    17
    ## "H I | A B C D F G E" "F G E | A B C D H I" "F G | A B C D H I E"

The names of the splits correspond to the number of an associated node in the original tree:

    oldPar <- par(mar = rep(0, 4))
    plot(tree2)
    ape::nodelabels()
    ape::nodelabels(splits, as.integer(names(splits)),
                    adj = c(1.1, -0.2), cex = 0.8, frame = 'none')

Note that strictly, (informative) splits are associated with (internal) edges. To avoid listing the same split twice, nodes close to the root (here, 10 and 11) will not be associated with a split.

## What next?

You may wish to:

- Provide context for tree distances

- Compare trees with different tips

- Review available distance measures and the corresponding functions

- Interpret tree distance metrics

- Visualize tree landscapes using distance-based tree spaces