Glycan Graphs: The Network Behind Glycan Structures

This vignette is for users who want to understand how glyrepr stores glycan structures internally. Some familiarity with graph theory and the igraph package will help. If those concepts are new to you, the igraph documentation is a useful companion reference.

Glycans as Graphs

Glycans are naturally represented as directed graphs. In glyrepr, a glycan structure is stored as an outward-directed tree, where each vertex represents a monosaccharide and each edge represents a glycosidic linkage.

Behind the scenes, each glycan_structure() object is backed by an igraph object. Most workflows can stay at the glycan_structure() level, but the graph representation is useful when you need custom structure analysis.

library(glyrepr)

What Is Stored in Memory?

A glycan can carry many kinds of information: linear oriented C-atoms, basetype, substituents, configuration, anomeric center, ring size, linkage positions, and more.

Some packages, such as Python’s glypy, store a very detailed glycan model. That comprehensive strategy is useful for specialized tasks such as MS/MS spectra simulation, but it can be overkill for everyday omics research.

glyrepr takes a more compact approach: if a feature can be derived from an IUPAC-condensed text representation, glyrepr stores it. Details such as configuration and ring size are not stored directly, because they are often predictable for common carbohydrates and are not needed for many glycomics workflows.

For a closer look at IUPAC-condensed notation, see the IUPAC-condensed vignette.

Extracting the Graph

You cannot pass a glycan_structure() object directly to most igraph functions. First, extract the underlying graph with get_structure_graphs():

glycan <- n_glycan_core()
graph <- get_structure_graphs(glycan)
graph
#> IGRAPH 6ff8b3d DN-- 5 4 -- 
#> + attr: anomer (g/c), name (v/c), mono (v/c), sub (v/c), linkage (e/c)
#> + edges from 6ff8b3d (vertex names):
#> [1] 3->1 3->2 4->3 5->4

The printed graph contains several pieces of information.

First line: Directed Named (“DN”) graph with 5 vertices (sugar units) and 4 edges (bonds).

Graph-level attributes:

Vertex attributes:

Edge attributes:

Connection pattern: “1->2” means vertex 1 connects to vertex 2. glyrepr treats bonds as arrows pointing from the core toward the branches. The direction is a modeling choice that makes traversal and structure operations easier.

You can also plot the graph with igraph:

plot(graph)

Graph Components

Vertices

Each vertex represents a monosaccharide with three key properties:

Names: These are auto-generated identifiers, usually simple integers, but they could be anything as long as they’re unique:

igraph::V(graph)$name
#> [1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5"

Monosaccharides: These are IUPAC-condensed names like “Hex”, “HexNAc”, “Glc”, “GlcNAc”.

igraph::V(graph)$mono
#> [1] "Man"    "Man"    "Man"    "GlcNAc" "GlcNAc"

For the full list of available monosaccharides, check SNFG notation or run available_monosaccharides().

Substituents: Chemical decorations like “Me” (methyl), “Ac” (acetyl), “S” (sulfate), etc. Position matters. “3Me” = methyl at position 3, “?S” = sulfate at unknown position:

igraph::V(graph)$sub
#> [1] "" "" "" "" ""

Multiple decorations are comma-separated and sorted by position:

glycan2 <- as_glycan_structure("Glc3Me6S(a1-")
graph2 <- get_structure_graphs(glycan2)
igraph::V(graph2)$sub
#> [1] "3Me,6S"

Edges

Edges represent glycosidic bonds with a simple but powerful format:

<target anomeric config><target position> - <source position>

Here is an example where “Gal” has an “a” anomeric configuration, linking from position 3 of “GalNAc” to position 1 of “Gal”:

glycan3 <- as_glycan_structure("Gal(a1-3)GalNAc(b1-")
graph3 <- get_structure_graphs(glycan3)
igraph::E(graph3)$linkage
#> [1] "a1-3"

glyrepr stores anomer information in edges rather than vertices. This follows the way linkages are written in IUPAC-condensed notation, for example “Neu5Ac with an a2-3 linkage”.

Graph-Level Attributes

Anomer: The anomeric configuration of the reducing end.

graph$anomer
#> [1] "b1"

Working with the Graph

Using igraph

Once you understand the graph structure, you can use igraph functions for custom structure analysis.

Example 1: Count branched structures (sugars with multiple children):

sum(igraph::degree(graph, mode = "out") > 1)
#> [1] 1

Example 2: Explore the structure with breadth-first search:

bfs_result <- igraph::bfs(graph, root = 1, mode = "out")
bfs_result$order
#> + 5/5 vertices, named, from 6ff8b3d:
#> [1] 1 2 3 4 5

Using smap Functions

Working with multiple glycans? You could use purrr:

library(purrr)

glycans <- c(n_glycan_core(), o_glycan_core_1(), o_glycan_core_2())
graphs <- get_structure_graphs(glycans)  # Extract graphs first
map_int(graphs, ~ igraph::vcount(.x))    # Then analyze
#> [1] 5 2 3

For glycan structure vectors, glyrepr’s smap functions are usually a better fit:

smap_int(glycans, ~ igraph::vcount(.x))  # Direct analysis, no intermediate step.
#> [1] 5 2 3

The main advantage of smap functions is how they handle duplicates. Real datasets often contain many repeated structures, and smap optimizes by processing unique structures once, then efficiently expanding results back to the original dimensions.

The smap vignette covers this workflow in more detail.

Motif Analysis with glymotif

One important application is identifying biologically meaningful motifs, or functional substructures. The glymotif package, built on this graph foundation, specializes in exactly this task.

See the glymotif introduction for examples.

Summary

In this vignette, you saw:

The graph representation might seem complex at first, but it’s this solid foundation that enables all the sophisticated glycan analysis capabilities in the glycoverse. Most users will not need to manipulate the graph directly, but understanding the model makes it easier to extend glyrepr when custom analysis is needed.